Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Interface Layer
Data flows in both directions simultaneously
Data flows in only one direction
Data flows alternately in both directions
Data transfer is bidirectional
Walkie-talkie communication between IoT devices
IoT sensor sending data to a server without receiving any commands
Real-time video conferencing between IoT-enabled devices
IoT devices transmitting and receiving data simultaneously
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
Multiplex
None of the above
Optical fiber
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
Infrared
Data transmission through physical cables
Wireless communication through air or space
Data transmission within confined pathways
Only underwater communication
High susceptibility to interference
Limited mobility for IoT devices
Unsecured data transfer
Lower data rates compared to unguided media
Twisted pair cable
Coaxial cable
Powerline communication
Guided
Unguided
Both guided and unguided
Radio waves
Satellite
LoRa
Zigbee
LoRaWAN
DSL
GPS
High cost and complexity of deployment
Limited data transfer speed
Incompatibility with IoT protocols
