Physical Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Addressing and routing
Error detection and correction
End-to-end communication
Data encryption
Managing device IP addressing
Converting data into electromagnetic signals for transmission
Handling session establishment between devices
Encrypting transmitted data
Data Link Layer
Internet Layer
Network Interface Layer
Data flows in both directions simultaneously
Data flows in only one direction
Data flows alternately in both directions
Data transfer is bidirectional
Walkie-talkie communication between IoT devices
IoT sensor sending data to a server without receiving any commands
Real-time video conferencing between IoT-enabled devices
IoT devices transmitting and receiving data simultaneously
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
Multiplex
None of the above
Optical fiber
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
Infrared
Data transmission through physical cables
Wireless communication through air or space
Data transmission within confined pathways
Only underwater communication
High susceptibility to interference
Limited mobility for IoT devices
Unsecured data transfer
Lower data rates compared to unguided media
Twisted pair cable
Coaxial cable
Powerline communication
Guided
Unguided
Both guided and unguided
Radio waves
