Connectivity
Automation
Scalability
Manual Processing
Smart Home
Wearable Devices
Industrial Automation
All of the above
A device capable of data processing and communication
A device that works without a network
A device that consumes unlimited power
A device with manual configuration only
To store data locally
To facilitate communication between devices and the cloud
To act as a power source for IoT devices
To replace all devices in the network
Perception Layer
Network Layer
Application Layer
Processing Layer
High energy efficiency
Standardized protocols
Security and privacy concerns
Unlimited bandwidth availability
To replace the Internet
To connect devices and enable communication between them
To eliminate manual labor completely
To reduce global warming
Long Power Wireless Area Network
Low Power Wide Area Network
Local Protocol Wireless Area Network
Low Packet Wide Area Network
Smart thermostat
Traditional desktop computer
CRT television
Dial-up modem
FTP
MQTT
Telnet
SMTP
To collect and send data about the physical environment
To process and analyze data
To communicate with other devices
Cloud computing
Sensors and actuators
Artificial intelligence
Human intervention
Monitors
Sensors
Cameras
Processors
To sense environmental changes
To take action based on received data
To display information on screens
To store large amounts of data
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
LTE
Ethernet
Wireless Local Area Network
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Wireless LAN Adapter Network
Wide Local Access Network
Zigbee
10 meters
50 meters
100 meters
1 kilometre
LoRaWAN
A device used for Bluetooth communication
A public or private area where wireless internet is available
A storage location for IoT data
A sensor that detects wireless signals
