Communication Protocols

Communication Protocols

  • Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT system and network connectivity.
  • Communication protocol allows devices to exchange data over the network.
  • Protocol are usually classified according to the layer they correspond to in the Open System interconnection (OSI) reference model for networking. Type of protocols include the following :
    • Data-link protocols
    • Communication or Network protocols
    • Transport layer protocols
    • Application layer protocols

    Application Layer Protocols

    • CoAP( Constrained Application Protocol) : CoAP is an internet-utility protocol created specifically for connecting devices with limited (constrained)  resources such as a small memory or short battery life.
    • MQTT (message Queue Telemetry Transport) : MQTT is an open light-weight easy-to-implement messaging protocol for M2M communication.
    • XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) : XMMP is a open technology for real-time communication original designed for chats and message exchange applications.
    • DDS (Data Distribution Service): DDS is an IoT standard for read-time, scalable and high-performance machine-to-machine communication.
    • AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) : AMQP is an open source published standard for asynchronous messaging by write.
    • Web Socket : Web Socket is a protocol that provide bi-directional, full-duplex communication channels, over a single Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) sockets.
    • HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer protocol) : HTTP is the foundation of the client-server model used for data communication over the web.
    Transport Layer Protocols
    • TCP( Transmission Control Protocol ) : TCP is a standard that defies how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application program can exchange data. TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which define how computers send packets of data to each other.
    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) : UDP is an alternative communication protocol to TCP used for establishing low-latency and loss-latency and loss tolerating connection between application on the internet. UDP is also better suited for real time data application such as voice and video. UDP is connectionless protocol that works at the transport layer.
    Network Layer Protocol
    • IPv4 : IP (Internet Protocol) is the main networking protocol. Ther are two version of IP(IPv4 and IPv6). IPv4 is limited to 32-bit address which only provide around 3.4 billion address in total, which is less than current number of IoT devices that are connected.
    • IPv6 :  IPv6 is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides and identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the internet. IPv6 used 128-bit address.
    • 6LoWpan :  6LoWpan a very popular standard for wireless communication.6LoWpan is a mesh network that is robust and scalable.
    Data-link layer Protocols
    • 802.3 Ethernet : Ethernet is based upon the IEEE 802.3 standard and is widely used to build LANs.
    • 802.11 WiFi : IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communication standard.
    • 802.16 WiMAX :  IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) standards provides data rate from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s.
    • 802.15.4 LR-WPAN:  IEEE 802.15.4  is a collection of Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN) standards.
    • 2G/3G/4G/5G Mobile Communication: These are different generation of mobile communication standards. IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over cellular network.
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