A collection of programs that enable users to interact with data stored in files.
A structured set of data held in a computer, typically organized for rapid search and retrieval.
An organized collection of related data stored in a computer system.
A software application used to create, manage, and manipulate data in a structured format.
Data
Software
Hardware
Networks
To provide security for the database.
To define the structure of the database.
To optimize the performance of the database.
To execute queries on the database.
Hierarchical
Relational
Network
Linear
Structured Query Language
Standard Query Language
Sequential Query Language
Simple Query Language
Designing the user interface for database applications.
Writing queries to retrieve data from the database.
Managing and maintaining the database system.
Analyzing data to extract useful information.
To ensure high availability of data.
To minimize the storage space required for data.
To organize data efficiently for easy retrieval and manipulation.
To prevent unauthorized access to the database.
Requirement Analysis
Data Retrieval
Conceptual Design
Physical Design
To minimize redundancy and dependency in data.
To maximize redundancy for faster data retrieval.
To increase the complexity of the database schema.
To improve data security.
First Normal Form (1NF)
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Secondary Normal Form (2NF)
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
To visualize the physical structure of the database.
To represent the flow of data within the database system.
To model the relationships between entities in the database.
To generate SQL queries for data retrieval.
The uniqueness constraint on attributes within an entity.
The number of instances of one entity that are associated with another entity.
The process of defining relationships between entities.
The level of detail in the conceptual schema.
A single value in a relation.
A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a record.
A row in a relation representing a single record.
A column in a relation representing a single attribute.
An attribute that uniquely identifies each tuple in a relation.
An attribute that can take on multiple values.
An attribute that is used for sorting data.
An attribute that is optional for each tuple in a relation.
Merge
Extract
Project
Combine
A key attribute that uniquely identifies each tuple in a relation.
A key attribute that references another relation.
Union
Intersection
Difference
Join
That each tuple has a unique identifier.
That the values of foreign keys match the values of primary keys in related relations.
That attributes are stored in a specific order.
That each tuple contains non-repeating values.
RETRIEVE
FETCH
SELECT
GET
It specifies the columns to be retrieved from the database.
It specifies the tables to be queried.
It filters rows based on a specified condition.
It sorts the retrieved data in ascending order.
